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Correlations to Standards by State by Academic Discipline

Indiana Academic Standards -- Grade 7 Science

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Standard 1 -- The Nature of Science and Technology


Students further their scientific understanding of the natural world through investigations, experiences, and readings. They design solutions to practical problems by using a variety of scientific methodologies.

The Scientific View of the World

Scientific Inquiry

The Scientific Enterprise

Technology and Science

    7.1.7 Explain how engineers, architects, and others who engage in design and technology use scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

    7.1.8 Explain that technologies often have drawbacks as well as benefits. Consider a technology, such as the use of pesticides, which help some organisms but may hurt others, either deliberately or inadvertently.

    7.1.9 Explain how societies influence what types of technology are developed and used in such fields as agriculture, manufacturing, sanitation, medicine, warfare, transportation, information processing, and communication.

    7.1.10 Identify ways that technology has strongly influenced the course of history and continues to do so.

    7.1.11 Illustrate how numbers can be represented by using sequences of only two symbols, such as 1 and 0 or on and off, and how that affects the storage of information in our society.

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Standard 2 -- Scientific Thinking


Students use instruments and tools to measure, calculate, and organize data. They frame arguments in quantitative terms when possible. They question claims and understand that findings may be interpreted in more than one acceptable way.

Computation and Estimation

    7.2.1 Find what percentage one number is of another and figure any percentage of any

    number.

    7.2.2 Use formulas to calculate the circumferences and areas of rectangles, triangles, and circles, and the volumes of rectangular solids.

    7.2.3 Decide what degree of precision is adequate, based on the degree of precision of the

    original data, and round off the result of calculator operations to significant figures that reasonably reflect those of the inputs.

    7.2.4 Express numbers like 100, 1,000, and 1,000,000 as powers of 10.

    7.2.5 Estimate probabilities of outcomes in familiar situations, on the basis of history or the number of possible outcomes.

Manipulation and Observation

    7.2.6 Read analog and digital meters on instruments used to make direct measurements

    of length, volume, weight, elapsed time, rates, or temperatures, and choose appropriate units.

Communication Skills

    7.2.7 Incorporate circle charts, bar and line graphs, diagrams, scatter plots, and symbols into writing, such as lab or research reports, to serve as evidence for claims and/or conclusions.

Critical Response Skills

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Standard 3 -- The Physical Setting


Students collect and organize data to identify relationships between physical objects, events, and processes. They use logical reasoning to question their own ideas as new information challenges their conceptions of the natural world.

The Universe

The Earth and the Processes That Shape It

    7.3.3 Describe how climates sometimes have changed abruptly in the past as a result of changes in the Earth's crust, such as volcanic eruptions or impacts of huge rocks from space.

    7.3.4 Explain how heat flow and movement of material within the Earth causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and creates mountains and ocean basins.

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    7.3.5 Recognize and explain that heat energy carried by ocean currents has a strong influence on climate around the world.

    7.3.6 Describe how gas and dust from large volcanoes can change the atmosphere.

    7.3.7 Give examples of some changes in the Earth's surface that are abrupt, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and some changes that happen very slowly, such as uplift and wearing down of mountains, and the action of glaciers.

    7.3.8 Describe how sediments of sand and smaller particles, sometimes containing the remains of organisms, are gradually buried and are cemented together by dissolved minerals to form solid rock again.

    7.3.9 Explain that sedimentary rock, when buried deep enough, may be reformed by pressure and heat, perhaps melting and recrystallizing into different kinds of rock. Describe that these reformed rock layers may be forced up again to become land surface and even mountains, and subsequently erode.

    7.3.10 Explain how the thousands of layers of sedimentary rock can confirm the long history of the changing surface of the Earth and the changing life forms whose remains are found in successive layers, although the youngest layers are not always found on top, because of folding, breaking, and uplift of layers.

Matter and Energy

    7.3.11 Explain that the sun loses energy by emitting light. Note that only a tiny fraction of that light reaches the earth. Understand that the sun's energy arrives as light with a wide range of wavelengths, consisting of visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation.

    7.3.12 Investigate how the temperature and acidity of a solution influences reaction rates, such as those resulting in food spoilage.

    7.3.13 Explain that many substances dissolve in water. Understand that the presence of these substances often affects the rates of reactions that are occurring in the water as compared to the same reactions occurring in the water in the absence of the substances.

    7.3.14 Explain that energy in the form of heat is almost always one of the products of an energy transformation, such as in the examples of exploding stars, biological growth, the operation of machines, and the motion of people.

    7.3.15 Describe how electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources and can be transformed into almost any other form of energy, such as light or heat.

    7.3.16 Recognize and explain that different ways of obtaining, transforming, and distributing energy have different environmental consequences.

Forces of Nature

    7.3.17 Investigate that an unbalanced force, acting on an object, changes its speed or path of motion or both, and know that if the force always acts towards the same center as the object moves, the object's path may curve into an orbit around the center.

    7.3.18 Describe that light waves, sound waves, and other waves move at different speeds in different materials.

    7.3.19 Explain that human eyes respond to a narrow range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum.

    7.3.20 Describe that something can be "seen" when light waves emitted or reflected by it enter the eye just as something can be "heard" when sound waves from it enter the ear.

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Standard 4 -- The Living Environment


Students begin to trace the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems. They recognize the fundamental difference between plants and animals and understand its basis at the cellular level. Students distinguish species, particularly through an examination of internal structures and functions. They use microscopes to observe cells and recognize that cells function in similar ways in all organisms.

Diversity of Life

Interdependence of Life and Evolution

    7.4.6 Explain how food provides the fuel and the building material for all organisms.

    7.4.7 Describe how plants use the energy from light to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water to produce food that can be used immediately or stored for later use.

    7.4.8 Describe how organisms that eat plants break down the plant structures to produce the materials and energy that they need to survive, and in turn, how they are consumed by other organisms.

    7.4.9 Understand and explain that as any population of organisms grows, it is held in check by one or more environmental factors. These factors could result in depletion of food or nesting sites and/or increase loss to increased numbers of predators or parasites. Give examples of some consequences of this.

Human Identity

    7.4.10 Describe how technologies having to do with food production, sanitation, and disease prevention have dramatically changed how people live and work and have resulted in changes in factors that affect the growth of human population.

    7.4.11 Explain that the amount of food energy (calories) a person requires varies with body weight, age, sex, activity level, and natural body efficiency. Understand that regular exercise is important to maintain a healthy heart/lung system, good muscle tone, and strong bone structure.

    7.4.12 Explain that viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites may infect the human body and interfere with normal body functions. Recognize that a person can catch a cold many times because there are many varieties of cold viruses that cause similar symptoms.

    7.4.13 Explain that white blood cells engulf invaders or produce antibodies that attack invaders or mark the invaders for killing by other white blood cells. Know that the antibodies produced will remain and can fight off subsequent invaders of the same kind.

    7.4.14 Explain that the environment may contain dangerous levels of substances that are harmful to human beings. Understand, therefore, that the good health of individuals requires monitoring the soil, air, and water as well as taking steps to keep them safe.

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Standard 5 -- The Mathematical World


Students apply mathematics in scientific contexts. They use mathematical ideas, such as relations between operations, symbols, statistical relationships, and the use of logical reasoning, in the representation and synthesis of data.

Numbers

    7.5.1 Demonstrate how a number line can be extended on the other side of zero to represent negative numbers and give examples of instances where this is useful.

Shapes and Symbolic Relationships

    7.5.2 Illustrate how lines can be parallel, perpendicular, or oblique.

    7.5.3 Demonstrate how the scale chosen for a graph or drawing determines its interpretation.

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Reasoning and Uncertainty

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Standard 6 -- Historical Perspectives


Students gain understanding of how the scientific enterprise operates through examples of historical events. Through the study of these events, they understand that new ideas are limited by the context in which they are conceived, that the ideas are often rejected by the scientific establishment, that the ideas sometimes spring from unexpected findings, and that the ideas grow or transform slowly through the contributions of many different investigators.

    7.6.1 Understand and explain that throughout history, people have created explanations for disease. Note that some held that disease had spiritual causes, but that the most persistent biological theory over the centuries was that illness resulted from an imbalance in the body fluids. Realize that the introduction of germ theory by Louis Pasteur and others in the 19th century led to the modern understanding of how many diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and parasites.

    7.6.2 Understand and explain that Louis Pasteur wanted to find out what caused milk and wine to spoil. Note that he demonstrated that spoilage and fermentation occur when microorganisms enter from the air, multiply rapidly, and produce waste products, with some desirable results, such as carbon dioxide in bread dough, and some undesirable, such as acetic acid in wine. Understand that after showing that spoilage could be avoided by keeping germs out or by destroying them with heat, Pasteur investigated animal diseases and showed that microorganisms were involved in many of them. Also note that other investigators later showed that specific kinds of germs caused specific diseases.

    7.6.3 Understand and explain that Louis Pasteur found that infection by disease organisms (germs) caused the body to build up an immunity against subsequent infection by the same organisms. Realize that Pasteur then demonstrated more widely what Edward Jenner had shown for smallpox without understanding the underlying mechanism: that it was possible to produce vaccines that would induce the body to build immunity to a disease without actually causing the disease itself.

    7.6.4 Understand and describe that changes in health practices have resulted from the acceptance of the germ theory of disease. Realize that before germ theory, illness was treated by appeals to supernatural powers or by trying to adjust body fluids through induced vomiting, bleeding, or purging. Note that the modern approach emphasizes sanitation, the safe handling of food and water, the pasteurization of milk, quarantine, and aseptic surgical techniques to keep germs out of the body; vaccinations to strengthen the body's immune system against subsequent infection by the same kind of microorganisms; and antibiotics and other chemicals and processes to destroy microorganisms.

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Standard 7 -- Common Themes


Students analyze the relationships within systems. They investigate how different models can represent the same data, rates of change, cyclic changes, and changes that counterbalance one another.

Systems

Models and Scale

    7.7.2 Use different models to represent the same thing, noting that the kind of model and its complexity should depend on its purpose.

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Constancy and Change

    7.7.3 Describe how physical and biological systems tend to change until they reach equilibrium and remain that way unless their surroundings change.

    7.7.4 Use symbolic equations to show how the quantity of something changes over time or in response to changes in other quantities.

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